Greek mythology in western art and literature Essay

With the rediscovery of classical antiquity in Renaissance, the poetry of Ovid became a major influence on the imagination of poets and artists and remained a fundamental influence on the diffusion and perception of Greek mythology through subsequent centuries.[2] From the early years of Renaissance, artists portrayed subjects from Greek mythology alongside more conventional Christian themes. Among the best-known subjects of Italian artists are Botticelli’s Birth of Venus and Pallas and the Centaur, the Ledas of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and Raphael’s Galatea.[2] Through the medium of Latin and the works of Ovid, Greek myth influenced medieval and Renaissance poets such as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Dante in Italy.[1] In northern Europe, Greek mythology never took the same hold of the visual arts, but its effect was very obvious on literature. Both Latin and Greek classical texts were translated, so that stories of mythology became available. In England, Chaucer, the Elizabethans and John Milton were among those influenced by Greek myths; nearly all the major English poets from Shakespeare to Robert Bridges turned for inspiration to Greek mythology. Jean Racine in France and Goethe in Germany revived Greek drama.[2] Racine reworked the ancient myths — including those of Phaidra, Andromache, Oedipus and Iphigeneia — to new purpose.[3] The 18th century saw the philosophical revolution of the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe and accompanied by a certain reaction against Greek myth; there was a tendency to insist on the scientific and philosophical achievements of Greece and Rome. The myths, however, continued to provide an important source of raw material for dramatists, including those who wrote the libretti for Handel’s operas Admeto and Semele, Mozart’s Idomeneo and Gluck’s Iphigà ©nie en Aulide.[3] By the end of the century, Romanticism initiated a surge of enthusiam for all things Greek, including Greek mythology. In Britain, it was a great period for new translations of Greek tragedies and Homer, and these in turn inspired contemporary poets, such as Keats, Byron and Shelley.[4] The Hellenism of Queen’s Victoria poet laureate, Alfred Lord Tennyson, was such that even his portraits of the quintessentially English court of King Arthrur are suffused with echoes of the Homeric epics. The visual arts kept pace, stimulated by the purchase of the Parthenon marbles in 1816; many of the â€Å"Greek† paintings of Lord Leighton and Lawrence Alma-Tadema were seriously accepted as part of the transmission of the Hellenic ideal.[5] The German composer of the 18th century Christoph Gluck was also influenced by Greek mythology.[1] American authors of the 19th century, such as Thomas Bulfinch and Nathaniel Hawthorne, believed that myths should provide pleasure, and held that the study of the classical myths was essential to the understanding of English and Americal literature.[6] According to Bulfinch, â€Å"the so-called divinities of Olympus have not a single worshipper among living men; they belong now not to the department of theology, but to those of literature and taste†.[7] In more recent times, classical themes have been reinterpreted by such major dramatists as Jean Anouilh, Jean Cocteau, and Jean Giraudoux in France, Eugene O’Neill in America, and T. S. Eliot in England and by great novelists such as the Irish James Joyce and the French Andrà © Gide. Richard Strauss, Jacques Offenbach and many others have set Greek mythological themes to music.[1] References 1. ^ a b c d â€Å"Greek Mythology†. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. 2. ^ a b c â€Å"Greek mythology†. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002. * L. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 3. ^ a b l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75 4. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75-76 5. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 76 6. ^ Klatt-Brazouski, Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology, 4 7. ^ T. Bulfinch, Bulfinch’s Greek and Roman Mythology, 1

Personal Administration Essay

Personnel administration, better known as human resources (HR) management, is the coordination and regulation of employees in a company. It involves organizing, recruiting, hiring, training, and assessing workers. Conflict resolution and legal compliance also are important aspects. With a good HR team doing their jobs well, a company will often be ultimately more efficient and competitive, generating additional revenue. Organization In most businesses, a well-organized workforce translates to greater efficiency, productivity, and revenue. The first goal of personnel administration, therefore, is to organize all employees in such a way that allows them to cooperate and complete tasks in the best way possible. Examples of issues in this area include how many departments are necessary, how many individuals should be in each department, what the manager to employee ratio should be, and what alternate chains of command should be used when managers cannot be contacted. Organization also deals with how to assign individuals to specific projects, as well as keeping the employees healthy and safe in the work environment. Recruitment and Hiring Once those in a company’s personnel administration team know how to organize workers and their projects, they begin to recruit and hire employees actively. They post notices about positions available, organize or take part in events such as job fairs, and conduct initial interviews to find the most qualified and experienced candidates. They then pass on information about the final candidates to department managers, who often conduct the last interviews and make the call about whom to hire. Training Employees who are new to a company do not always know the business’ policies and procedures, even if they have incredible experience and skill sets. Training is almost always necessary to remedy this. Members of the HR department may develop the training events and documentation needed to get employees working efficiently. They also put together and oversee additional training, such as that needed to advance to a different position in the company. In some instances, they partner with various educational  institutions to develop programs that will allow employees to get certifications or degrees related to the industry. Assessment Most companies want to know that their employees are performing at a certain level. They also want to know that the workers are following policies and procedures well. One duty of the personnel administration team, therefore, is to develop techniques and tools that managers can use for assessment purposes. A common example is a standardized form for an employee performance review. HR workers use the data collected through these items to analyze the activity within the company and to make decisions such as whether to increase pay. Conflict Resolution An advantage of using people over machines is that individuals can be innovative and display logical thought processes based on experience, but people do not always get along as they strive to do this. The HR department is responsible for resolving conflicts that may arise in the company, especially those between different levels of management. They also work to resolve conflicts that are not interpersonal, such as a new employee feeling out of place in his work environment. Keeping detailed records related to these activities is a must, as some conflicts eventually lead to disciplinary action or termination that, if not properly executed, can lead to lawsuits. Personnel management workers generally have an easier time resolving conflicts when they have a solid framework of clear policies and procedures to fall back on. The policies and procedures let the personnel department employees remain objective as they try to find viable solutions. They also ensure that any solutions proposed are in line with company objectives. The HR team works closely with members of management to put together policy and procedure documentation for this reason. Legal Compliance Members of the HR team look at policies and regulations not just for their company, but for their jurisdiction. They ensure that employees fill out the proper tax forms, for example, and any other government required paperwork. This task is challenging because new legislation is passed regularly, requiring the personnel administration workers to adjust the activities and documentation within the business. It is critical because failure to comply  with even one regulation can put the reputation and operation of the company at risk. Personnel Administration The scope of personnel administration is quite wide. It includes all activities which help the management in getting the work done by the labour force in the best manner possible to accomplish the organizational objectives. The main objective in any organization is the optimum utilization of available resources. Personnel administration is primarily concerned with the organization of men; therefore, the main objective may be summarized as to utilize the available human resources in a a way so as to get the work done effectively to the maximum satisfaction of the individual worker to seek their cooperation in accomplishing the general goals of the organization. The objectives of personnel administration can be classified into General objectives and specific objectives. General objectives 1. Maximum individual development – the employer should always be careful in developing the personality of each individual. If an act of the employer can adversely affect the personality of the individual, he should avoid it. Employer should establish and support such human values that may have social recognition and importance. They should always be regarded as partners and given due importance. The objective of Personnel administration as a bridge between the management and the employees is to keep the management apprised of positive accomplishments and warning signals in the personnel practices. If the human assets of an organization are being misused in the process of profit maximization, it is definitely a short term achievement, because in the long run, the adverse effects felt by the work force will translate into lesser profits for the organization. 2. Desirable working relationship between employer and employee – it is the major objective of personnel administration to achieve a desirable working relationship between the employer and the employees so that they may cooperate with the management. Both of them must rely on each other. The personnel administrator should get it realized to the top management that personnel should be given fair and equitable treatment and on the other hand, convey to the workers that they  should cooperate in achieving the goals of the management. The basic responsibility for the personnel lies with the supervisors although the administrator supplies tools such as policy, record keeping, control and advice. His objective is therefore to ensure that the line supervisor is aware of his personnel responsibilities and carries them out responsibly. Simultaneously he should also ensure ethical conduct amongst all personnel and on the part of each supervisor towards each employee for whom he is res ponsible. 3. Specialized services – The administrator provides the tools such as record keeping, policy making, controlling and advising. Although not directly responsible for the personnel, who lie with the line supervisor, he may examine causes for non-efficiency or non-effectiveness, suggest remedial measure, perform research into proposed personnel procedures, handle negotiations with a government agency, etc. The basic objective here is to provide assistance to the line supervisor whilst simultaneously ensuring that the line supervisor meets his responsibilities to the personnel. 4. Molding of human resources – Human beings is the most important resource and the only active factor which engages all other factors of production. Therefore, the administrator should emphasize the effective utilization of human resources as compared to physical resources so that production and productivity is optimized. Other factors of production will be ineffective without effective molding of human resources. Specific objectives 1. Selection of the right type and number of persons 2. Proper orientation and introduction of new employees to their jobs 3. Organisation of suitable training facilities 4. Provision of better working conditions and facilities. 5. Provision of sound, fair and effective wage and salary administration and incentives. 6. Good industrial relations with representative trade unions 7. Personnel research Duties of Personnel Staff In a dynamic working environment, the boundaries of any role cannot be clearly defined. However, the duties of Personnel staff may be described as under:- 1. As a Service Provider – providing information on market statistics of personnel availability, pay rates, etc. Interpret the complex  laws and legislations. Employment and placement programs, employee compensation programs, training and development programs, labour relations could be stated to be the duty as a service provider. It must be noted that there will often be an overlap between the different roles that a Personnel staff may assume 2. As a facilitator – advises the supervisors on employee problems, facilitates training and development, and when performance appraisals are done. One of the responsibilities of Personnel staff is also to ensure that other managers who undertake such activities are well equipped to do so. 3. as a consultant – to help the supervisors resolve problems due to lack of motiv ation, lack of training, grievances, etc. 4. As an auditor – to ensure that all members of the management perform their respective roles, to determine whether personnel policies and procedures are being administered uniformly by supervisors.

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali Mansa Musa and the Kingdom Of Mali Mansa Musa is said to be one of the richest kings to have ever lived and his kingdom of Mali was a grand empire. But what made both Mansa Musa and Mali so prosperous and grand? And why if that was the case is it not held in the same regards as say Egypt? Using primary sources I plan to investigate and discuss Mali’s economic and social background, the history of Mali and why it isn’t considered to be on the same scale as Egypt is held to. The goal is for the reader to get an idea of what circumstances and actions allowed for Mali to prosper. To do this I will first go over the agricultural and environmental makeup of the Empire of Mali, then discuss briefly its history before and after Mansa Musa including the fall of Mali. After that I will provide my own opinion as to why Mali is not held in the same regards as Egypt, which will conclude this paper. Firstly it is important to understand the environmental and agricultural state of the ancient empire of Mali. The empire itself was massive, encompassing parts of modern day Burkina, Niger, Senegal, Guinea. The fact that that Mali was so expansive is one of the reasons Mali was so prosperous. In the book The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 Christopher Ehret described the kingdom of Mali as having good amount of diversity when it came to its landscapes and environments. This included the desert Sahara to the north and the wild rich jungles to the south. (Ehret, 2002.) Because of this environmental diversity they had a number of different goods that they could trade not only within their own empire, but with other states as well. These goods included agricultural items such as kola nuts and shea butter. But they also traded manufactured goods such as textiles and metal goods, especially gold which was found in numerous amounts in Mali. (Ehret, 2002.) This would not have been possible though if it weren’t for the merchants running these trades. Mali absorbed several of its neighboring states and its people into the empire, mostly thanks to Sundiata and his desperados who I will discuss later, and this massive number of people led to consequences that would later make Mali a prime trader center in Africa, and this was only helped later by Mansa Musa. For example there were several different people leaving within Mali, these include the Soninke and Jakhanke, just to name a few. Merchants from these respective people would create juulas, which were trading firms set up throughout Mali. And things were made easy when they took certain portions of Mali to trade in. For example the Soninke focused more on north on the fringes of the Sahara for their trading and then expanded eastward towards the Sahel Valley at a later point in time. The Jakhanke meanwhile spread commercially west towards what are now the regions of Gambia and Se negal. (Ehret, 2002.) As I stated before this economic boom that took place in Mali could not have happened if it was not for both Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Sundiata made it so Mali existed and Mansa Musa brought in more trade thanks to his pilgrimage which attracted merchants from all over to Mali. And while Mansa Musa is considered to be on the richest and greatest kings of history, I believe it is important to look at who came before him, and made it so both Mansa Musa and Ancient Mali could prosper for years to come. What were the conditions or beginnings of Mali’s greatness? That all starts with Sundiata, who paved the way for Mali’s greatness and his own grandson’s greatness as well. Sundiata was the youngest of 12 children and he came from the Mandingo people of the time. (Bovill, 1995.). While his family was killed he was allowed to live because he was very ill and the attackers believed he would not survive. But he did, and he grew to become the Mari Jata and national hero of the Mandingo people. He became the first king or Mansa of Mali, and was a driving force in expanding its borders. Ibn Khaldun, a great historian was there when all of this was occurring and he himself stated â€Å"Their greatest king who overcame the Soso, conquered their country and seized power from the hands was the Mari Dhata†¦He ruled for twenty five years.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973) Yet while hailed as the greatest king and national hero, he was not well liked by his people and so to keep the peace he hired desperados to aid him. With the help of said desperados, he quieted his people and took to expanding Mali’s boarders. Sundiata was a great warrior and tactician never having lost a battle if he was in one. (Bovill, 1995.) With his actions and what would seem to be tireless effort, he expanded Mali’s borders which allowed for a diversity of environments and agricultural items that could also be traded as discussed above. These agricultural goods could also be used to make manufactured goods. With help from his grandson, Mansa Musa, nearly 100 years later it lead Mali to a sort of economic and trading boom. (Levtzion, 1973). These two hand in hand basically made Mali what it was, even though they were so far apart. I believe it is important to pause and discuss these factors. Thanks to Sundiata not only did Mali have a great army and a powerful one at that, but thanks to him Mali’s prosperous future had already begun to take shape. The army was there to not only protect Mali’s numerous citizens, but also what the land had to offer as a whole. I believe it is safe to infer that without Sundiata doing what he did and being so successful at it, who knows how Mali would have worked. His conquest allowed for a backbone in which Mali could grow and thrive. But it would also seem to give Mali this sort of air that they indeed an empire to be reckoned with. It is also important to note the idea of image and keep in mind both Sundiata and Mali’s image which I will discuss later in this paper. Nearly a 100 years passed between when Sundiata ruled and when Mansa Musa took to the throne. And in those 100 years no king was able to reach the godlike status Sundiata had held. Mansa Musa though considered to be a great king did not reach this status either. But he is a favorite of Muslim, Oriental and Sudanese writers. (Levtzion, 1973.) That did not happen until Mansa Musa took the throne. He is famously known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the spectacle that surrounded him. Bovill discussed the very spectacle in his book, â€Å"The spectacular scale on which it was conducted caused such a sensation in Cairo and other places which witnessed the passage of his splendid caravan, that the name of the Mandingo monarch quickly became familiar throughout a large part of the civilized world.† (Bovill, pg. 86, para 3) His fame even stretched as far as Europe and the Middle East as well. He alone showed Mali’s opulence to the world around him, and it was quite impressive. Mansa Musa began his Hadj sometime in 1324, which was the seventh year of his reign, after taking the throne in 1307. It is known that he passed through Walata and Tuat, but it is unknown which way he took to get to Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) Though Bovill states a theory as to which way he’d gone, saying â€Å"It was probably through Wargla and thence to the coast of the Syrtes which would have given merchants from many parts of Europe trading with Africa an opportunity to witness his splendor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bovill, pg. 87, 1995.) While on his travels, he and his entourage apparently were a sight to behold. He rode on horseback, and had 500 slaves walking in front of him and each of them carried a staff of hold that weighed 1/8th of gold. (Bovill, 1995.) Mansa Musa is also described as being of â€Å"pale complexion, variously described as red or yellow.† (Bovill, pg. 87. 1995.) This contributed to his notoriety, since he was considered to be a Negro king, and yet he did not look like one considering he did not have dark skin, which was typical of Negro kings. He was known for his piety and generosity, and seemed to hand out gold every chance he had. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact so much gold was handed out that in Cairo years after Mansa Musa had passed through and completed his travels gold had become devalued in Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) This is a good example of just how kind Mansa Musa to everyone, even if they were not from Mali or Muslim. A good example of Mansa Musa’s generosity is when a merchant from Alexandria joined his caravan and traveled with him back to Sudan, though unfortunately the merchant died. Mansa Musa, being the generous and noble king who keeps his promises, paid the man’s heirs in full. (Bovill, 1995.). His kindness in returned allowed for others to take care of him when running low on funds and Mansa Musa promised to pay back his loan once he returned to his kingdom. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact it was due to Mansa Musa’s hadj that trade increased and boomed within Mali. (Bovill, 1995.) The world now knew that Mali was a hub for an important item and that was gold. So simply by traveling and showering people with gold enough interest was drummed up to increase Mali’s trade, which in itself is quite an amazing feat, but really that nothing less should be expected from Mali’s greatest king. Unfortunately after Mansa Musa’s death, things once again fell into a sort of disarray, the same which occurred after Sundiata’s death. Mansa Musa’s son Maghan took the throne, though he was only there for four years. During his reign the city of Timbuktu was seized and burned to the ground, and the two princes who had been captured by his father were released and moved to recapture their city from Mali’s grip. Maghan died after only four years, and it is suspected that he was disposed of by his uncle Sulymon, who is also Mansa Musa’s brother. He was the one originally entitled to the throne after Mansa Musa’s death, but he was denied that when Maghan took the throne. (Levtzion, 1973.) Unlike his brother Sulymon was not well liked, in fact he was hated, â€Å"because of his parsimony in contrast to the generosity of his brother Mansa Musa.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973.) After his death the two kings after him had short reigns, his son lasting for only four months and the one after that lasting for a considerable longer time of 14 years. (Levtzion, 1973) But during this time civil war broke out and this troubled period marked the decline of Mali. The throne was often bickered over by descents of Sundiata and Mansa Musa, where it switched off periodically. Finally one of the last kings was simply known as Mari Djata, son of Maghan and grandson to Mansa Musa. But he was considered to be â€Å"the wicked ruler they had, because of the punishment, tyranny and corruption he imposed upon them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Levtzion, pg. 68. 1973.), them referring to his people. After him Mali went through a few more kings, but it was no longer the great empire that it had once been a nd was left in a state of disrepair. Now that I have laid out all the information, I will now discuss my own theory as to why Mali is not held in as high regards as Egypt, and I will do this by discussing Mali’s image, race, leaders and history. First Mali’s image, became well known in ancient times. This by itself is by the image that its leaders managed to show. Here we have Sundiata who is a great general and furious fighter. He protected his country and insured that not only his family, but his people had something that they could build and grow on. Then we have Mansa Musa, who in many ways is Sundiata’s exact opposite, and he brought the necessary people to build up Mali’s trade and economics. In Mali’s defense of image it had to great leaders. And if we are to compare that our own time that is a very important part of a country or empire’s image. Think of Egypt and the first pharaoh that comes to mind is either Radames or King Tut. One is known for being a truly great and powerful pharaoh of his time. And the other is known for the tomb that was discovered well after his death. But the idea of image can easily constitute how people view a place and how it is upheld. So in this regard I feel like Egypt and Mali are very similar. And yet its kings don’t seem to be held at the same regard as say the kings of Egypt. And one must ask why that is the case. For me, after researching and reading comes down to one thing and that is race. Mali is considered to be a Negro or Black kingdom, unlike Egypt which often isn’t considered one. The fact that Mali is a Negro empire is why it isn’t held in higher regard. Even the past Negro kingdoms were looked down by quite a few people The fact that Mansa Musa was black was a surprise to everyone who saw him even. Here was a man with great wealth and power and he was black. But we also have firsthand accounts of how some viewed blacks, for example Ibn Battuta who was not impressed by Blacks and in fact refused to write about them or visit their kingdom. (Bovill, 1973.) Race still plays a big part in who tells what stories as far as history is concerned. Even till this day it is grudgingly admitted that Mansa Musa was one of the richest and most well-known kings of history. And that is because he is considered to be Negro or black. This is of course in great contrast to say Egypt, where we don’t exactly know how the Egyptians looked. Though it is theorized and even I believe that Egypt itself was racially diverse not everyone thinks along these same lines and ideals. All we need to do is look at Black Athena Writes Back, a book that suggests that Blacks were the ones who had influence on Greeks and Phoenicians, and many sought a way to discredit said idea. (Bernal, 2001.) But throughout history Europe and other countries have wanted to grab Egypt for its opulence, history and what they left behind. And many people did not want to think the rulers of Egypt were black or people of color. There are whole arguments that try and prove that. I think a great example of how prevailing this thought is, of Egypt not being a part of Africa but more a part of the western and European world is the movie Gods of Egypt which has recently come out, which showed Egyptian pharaohs, gods and people as being of all European descent, which I don’t think is all that accurate to how Egypt was in the past. Now yes, this is a fantasy movie, but I think it’s still important to bring up the fact that is still a sort of prevailing issue. History has a habit of shutting down anything that lifts up black people. From history blacks have always been seen as inferior in the eyes of other. And to suddenly put an African kingdom to the same opulence of Egypt would shake up the status quo that has been set up by past historians. Africa has been denied its opulence unless it is Egypt, and everyone ese tries to claim that. So it is no wonder that we don’t hear much about Mali or Mansa Musa when we are schooled. And really look at why. We have a black man who is a great and successful leader. He is kind, generous and rich. That in itself would be a great story to inspire anyone who reads about him, especially for example black youth. We live in a world where we cannot see ourselves in the media and are always being criticized for being who we are. Enslaved and discriminated against, race is still a huge issue. And if Mali were held in the same regards of Egypt, well that would mean the norm and prevalent idea and though t that Africa as a whole is not advanced or had these great kingdoms would be shattered. But that isn’t the case and it should be noted that there is more to Africa than just Egypt. Another inference one could make as well is time. Egypt’s Kingdom lasted for almost 1,000 years. That is a long time for one kingdom in a world that is always changing and shifting, there were three major eras and three intermediate periods. Egypt had time to grow and the fact that this one kingdom lasted for so long just helps to show that Egypt is something that the world should know about and why it’s held in such high regards. Mali unfortunately does not have that. For after Mansa Musa, the empire went into decline as stated above. The empire itself lasted only about 300 years, and can be counted within four generations thanks to the likes of Ibn Khaldun. (Levtzion, 1973.) But that is fair. Empires rise and fall. That is how they work. Even Ancient Egypt fell after nearly 1, 000 years, and this includes once it was taken over by Greece in its later years. But those 1,000 years allowed for Egypt to be put upon a pedestal that Mali simply cannot reach. Not to mention unlike Egypt where there was a rise and fall of ups and downs, Mali seemed to suffer negatively. As stated above Sundiata and Mansa Musa uplifted and improved the empire. But in-between those, the other kings did nothing to reach the status of previous kings. And more often than not there was infighting, bickering and more often death. This in itself is a third reason. Mali to some may seem like it failed being an empire all together. Out of all of its rulers only two seemed to truly keep the empire stable and improve upon it. And I don’t think that is a fair assumption to make. Like I stated above, empires rise and fall. And just because Mali fell and had a run of inopportune leaders does not mean that it was an overall failure. Egypt can be put into this same category, since it to fell. But it does not mean it was a failure. Each kingdom was successful in its own ways. Egypt had success in trade, in building landmarks that still stand to this day. And while Mali lost Timbuktu it was there. They were a center of gold, and spread it throughout Africa with the help of Mansa Musa. They both have their fair share of success and failure. But I believe history as a whole is a little harder on Mali because once again it is a Negro kingdom, and finding fault and making it seem major is a thing that still happens ti ll this day. In conclusion I believe that is a mixture between race and time that holds Mali and Mansa Musa back from being held in the same regards as Egypt, when it comes to prosperity and popularity. Both are prominent and important kingdoms that had their fair share of success and failures. But the fact that one cannot pin point the exact race of Egypt’s rulers and its people allows for others to put it on a higher pedestal and look down on Mali, since it is a Negro or black kingdom. But in my eyes, it deserves to be right up there. It is an empire that if it had the right rulers and maybe had a longer time to shine would be something that would be talked about in many more class rooms like Egypt is. Or praised like Egypt is. Or fought over much like Egypt was to be begin with. I believe the only way for Mali to rise to the same height as the other kingdom is if this idea of race is changed and improved upon. I whole heartedly believe that is one of the things that keeps Mali in the sh adows. While I have heard of Mali, this is the only class where I was able to learn in depth about the empire and its people. In other classes it’s always Egypt. And I hope in good time people will look at Mali and see it for what it was. A powerful, prosperous empire that should be taught and talked about, just like Egypt is.

What are the similarities and differences between the liberal, Marxist Essay

What are the similarities and differences between the liberal, Marxist and neorealist approaches to globalisation - Essay Example Despite these different views concerning it, all of the theories that have been developed about it agree that it is among the most influential forces in the world today, with the ability of influencing individuals, either positively or negatively, at a global scale. It has, therefore, become necessary to make a study of the various theories or approaches that have been propagated by diverse groups with specific emphasis on liberals, Marxists, and neorealists. The liberal approach is among the most commonly used when discussing matters concerning globalization and it tends to consider its benefits more than its disadvantages. The liberal view supports globalization because of the belief that it is a natural development of free trade, which has been dominant for most of the history of modern western civilization. This approach is comparable to that of the neorealist approach, which holds the belief that in all aspects of life, including that of economics, only the strongest and most co mpetitive can survive the global market scene. In fact, it can further be said that these two approaches consider the developments and fast growth of globalization as a necessary part of human development. The interdependent nature that has come about through this process has ensured that all the people in the world cannot survive without one another; that nobody is an island (Kosebalaban 2009). According to the liberal approach, globalization has become essential in ensuring that there is world peace, since because of the dependence between the various states in the world, the likelihood of conflict resulting in war has become minimized. In place of such conflicts, there has developed more dialogue, as this has become the main means through which an environment which is conducive for global trade is achieved. From the liberal approach, globalization is an unstoppable force which has the end result of ensuring that the lives of all the people affected by it improve. It is not only m eant to benefit the large corporations, but through the trickledown effect, its benefits are supposed to also reach the people on the ground. This approach is often challenged by the Marxist approach which is of the belief that globalization as it currently is works towards the maintenance of the power and position of the bourgeoisie, since even in the globalised environment; it is the later who dominate the means of production. If one were to consider the Marxist approach closely, one would find that while it is in support of globalization, there would be a preference for the process to have been in the hands of the proletariat, where it would be based on equality in all the aspects of life. While not being against globalization, the Marxist approach looks upon it as it currently is as the continuation of the old order, where the masses are dominated by those who own the means of production. In addition, it can be said that the Marxist approach looks at globalization at a force whi ch is out to ensure that the masses lose the freedoms, however limited, that they enjoyed (Callinicos 2005). The result of this would be their further exploitation by the large corporations which take advantage of them to acquire cheap labour and a ready market for their products. The neorealist approach can also be considered to be slightly similar to the Marxist stance that the masses will

Do William Morris' ideas, ideals, and influences in arts and crafts Essay

Do William Morris' ideas, ideals, and influences in arts and crafts have any relevance today - Essay Example The real origins of Victorian art revival is believed to have started in the late eighteenth century and when Morris came to the scene, the revival was already in motion and he was not the originator of it. In the post-Napoleonic period, there was unrest in the European air and the younger people lived in expectation of another revolution. Things were fairly unsettled when the Victorian revival was initiated. Morris wrote The Defence of Guinevere and other poems while painting frescoes for the Oxford Union. The pre-Raphaelite group and their company, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. brought revolution in designs, carpets, wall papers, furniture, tapestries etc. there was a complete revolution in public taste. Morris also wrote prose like the Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly Paradise, Volksunga Saga, political writings like Death Song, Chants for Socialists, The Pilgrims of Hope, Dream of John Ball, News from Nowhere. Later, he was more dedicated to Socialism and wrote Socialism, its growth and outcome, Manifesto of English Socialists, The Wood beyond the World, Well at the World’s End. â€Å"Beauty, which is what is meant by art, using the word in its widest sense, is, I contend, no mere accident to human life, which people can take or leave as they choose, but a positive necessity of life† said William Morris, The Beauty of Life, 1880 Considered to be the most creative artist Britain had ever produced he pervaded all the fields including weaving, embroidering, dyeing, calligraphy, translating, preserving architecture and even working as a businessman. His legacy has lived on after his death and his protà ©gà © Henry Dearle carried on his work influencing artists and designers with Morris’s ideals. Morris was supposed to have expressed the fear that his work would not leave any future impact. It was not so and has proved many times that the art and craft induced by Morris

Evaluating Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating Research - Essay Example Yes, since the research problem concerns with the influence of stimulating tasks on motivation and reading comprehension, then the findings of the study must therefore be quantified using a quantitative approach. Yes, in fact, the author stipulated the following line at the end of the study: â€Å"finally, researchers should continue to explore reading comprehension and reading interest to identify their reciprocal relationships† (Guthrie et al., 2006, p 244). Yes, the research study definitely employed the APA Referencing Style in their in-text citations and references’ page. In fact, here is an example of the entry in their reference page that typified the use of APA: Yes, the authors stated the purpose of their study, which is to give light to one particular research inquiry that receives little attention, that is, the use of stimulating tasks to arouse reading interest (Guthrie et al., 2006, p. 233). Yes, the assumptions and hypotheses were both expressed in the study. The assumptions regarding the stimulating tasks were written prior to the statement of hypotheses. Moreover, the hypotheses of the study are as follows: (a) Students who were given a high number of stimulating tasks related to reading would have higher reading comprehension scores than would students given a low number of stimulating tasks related to reading, controlling for prior comprehension and quality of task performance; (b) Students who were given a high number of stimulating tasks related to reading would have higher reading motivation scores than would students who were given a lower number of stimulating tasks; and Yes, the authors were able to identify and provide an explanation prior to presenting their hypotheses. In this regard, the phrase ‘stimulating task’ was employed to embody their theoretical framework, which was proposed by Nolen and Nichols (1994) that refers to classroom activity that elicits

Legal System of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Legal System of UK - Essay Example By the sixteenth century the legal profession in the UK had branched into two categories. The first one was barristers and the other is collective of attorneys and solicitors. The local "common law" was formulated by a specialised legal society known as the Inns of Court, in London. It was in these inns that through lectures and apprenticeship individuals were admitted to practise before the royal courts. With the passage of time these practitioners became sergeants who were considered as the most distinguished among the advocates. These dignitaries were later on appointed as royal judges. The "attorneys," who were authorised by the legislation initially, shared the life of the Inns with the "apprentices" in advocacy, till they acquired the title of barrister. (Branches of the Legal Profession, http://www.pravo.hr/_download/repository/ LEGAL_PROFESSION_IN_ENGLAND_08web.ppt, viewed on 9th April, 2009) In its ultimate growth the English legal profession resembled the European professions, particularly the northern France, where the parliaments (courts) were considered as corporate, and apprentices were trained like that of the Inns. Growth of the law was mainly through precedents based on the judgments of the courts, rather than through legislation. In England, senior practicing professionals were appointed as judges. Apart from this, the partition between barristers and solicitors eventually became more rigid in England. Moreover, England never acquired the profession of notaries and thus the whole burden of transactional work was carried out by the present solicitors with legal advice from the bar. David H. Goodchild, in his work on History of the English Legal Profession in Paris 1850-2000 says, ".in 1880 the picture had changed quite considerably by which time as a result of the Judicature Act 1873 all attorneys at law and solicitors had been merged into one single profession of "solicitor" and those practising abroad were listed under the somewhat charming section entitled "Solicitors practising in foreign parts". (Page 1, http://72.14.235.132/searchq= cache:dhmu KhIOD2YJ:fbls.org/pages/FR/ publications/assets/articles/ English_legal_profession.pdf+History+of+UK+legal+profession&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in, viewed on 9th April, 2009) Change in Status of the Law Professionals Even before the Judicature Act 1873 the status of the solicitors has undergone radical changes. They became the legal advisors of the wealthy feudal and businessmen. In the year 1804 they acquired the monopoly of conveyancing, and just before the end of the 19th century they started dealing with divorce and admiralty cases and obtained the rights of audience in County Courts. The progress they earned since then was tremendous, and at present over 97000 solicitors practise all over UK. Many of them are practising in private firms and governmental bodies as legal advisors doing advocacies, drafting legal documents etc. However, they cannot appear in every court, whereas the barristers are entitled to have appearance in courts. More than 11500 barristers are engaged in practice in England and Wales, now. Some of them are in employed practice. They only represent their employers. Other

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) - Assignment Example The eWOM as a marketing strategy depends on how the organizations trigger the altruistic motives of the consumers so that they can be advocates of the company’s brand on an online platform through relaying of feedback. They could do this by developing catchy ad messages to relay via the internet to their customers hence offering an excellent base for interaction to generate a good eWOM in customers. The outfit concerning eWOM should bring forth returns to either the company or the individual who has invested time in knowing. Expert’s opinion is very strong in eWOM compared to any other opinion. Because they will use the eWOM platform to offer professional counsel and as such demand incentives, the economic returns are tenable. What the expert think about your product will determine the consumption rate. When experts pass negative opinions via eWOM in a faster way than positive opinions, consumers scare from the product. However, when it comes to incentives, they will work in a manner to suit the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example CLASS NUMBER: †¦4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TITLE/TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Marketing 100 Situational Analysis†¦/Target Market Identification Report and Collage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. Please read the following and sign where indicated DECLARATION: I/We declare the attached assignment is my/our own work and has not previously been submitted for assessment. This work complies with Curtin College rules concerning plagiarism and academic misconduct. [Refer to the Policy library on www.curtincollege.edu.au for full details on our Plagiarism and Student Misconduct polices.] I/We have retained a copy of this assignment for my own records. Signed: ____Wang Jue__________________________________________ Date___10 December 2010___________ This document is current at 31/08/2010. Page 1 of 1 1.0 Situation Analysis 1.1 Current Marketing Mix 1.1.1 Current Product Sunsilk Co-Creations-Addictive Brill iant Shine Shampoo is one of new Sunsilk’s Co-creations hair care line products. It consists of chemical as well as natural ingredients. The ingredients of the shampoo were chosen to achieve healthy shine, to co-create Sunsilk’s most advanced Addictive Brilliant Shine formulation for healthy hair that dazzles with shine (Unilever in Australia, 2011). Therefore, consumers benefit from buying a product in the form of healthy hair and â€Å"brilliant shine†. The company has teamed up with Jamal Hammadi from LA hair dresser to Hollywood stars and famous for his natural approach to achieve healthy shine (Unilever in Australia, 2011). It has inherent to all Sunsilk products cambered package, so customers can easily identify the shampoo as Sunsilk’s product. The bottle has red color and a big symbolic sign â€Å"!† on the front. The package developed by Brown Inc. (Brown Inc. 2011) makes product look modern and even hi-tech. This features distinct the pro duct from other shampoos and attract customers at the same time. Sunsilk Co-Creations-Addictive Brilliant Shine Shampoo is a part of hair care complex consisting of the shampoo and conditioner. Therefore, customers are given reason to by the shampoo together with the conditioner. The main targeted groups of customers are females between 16 to 40 with middle and high income level. Other groups of customers also might buy the product. Sunsilk Shampoo might be classified as staple goods because customers can use it regularly although they easily switch to another similar shampoo if the one is absent. Therefore, the shampoo is a star product of Unilever’s new product line. Its modern, professional and high-tech. It has original features that attract customers however; people can easily identify one of Sunsilk’s products. Customers can use it regularly although they easily switch to another similar shampoo if the one is absent. 1.1.2 Current Pricing The shampoo market is hi gh-competitive. There are many brands but in fact the most of them are owned by a few corporations such as Unilever, Procter&Gamble and Schwarzkopf. Sunsilk brand belongs to Unilever, the second biggest shampoo market company in the world. Unilever (2011) claims to practice value-based pricing. This means that the price is set based on the value a customer receives using the product. The primary importance of this kind of pricing is to encourage demand through setting the price according to customers feeling of the real value of the

Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evidence - Essay Example in the calendar of the judiciary in the arrangement of the appointment of subject, in line with the proceedings concerning state party cases (Pontell & Stephen, 2010, p. 41). The California code of civil procedure states does not prevent an attorney to permit any kind of representative to stand before the courtroom and present the evidence and witnesses engaged in the proceedings. The mother is therefore entitled to a maximum period of twenty days to submit a respond to the jury of the state. An attached subpoena that the court issued at the beginning of the trial should be handed out as a means of showing proof of chamber sittings between the mother’s attorney and the jury. California’s Business and Professions Code, 349a puts the mother’s lawyer in a state where he or she has to hand out an advance note of the court case three months prior to the lawsuit commencement. As a result, the child and his attorney have ninety days to take action before the lawsuit begins and at this period, they have the ability to organize for the justification of the child. Nevertheless, it is of value noting the fact that there exists no specific type of note necessary, except where notification of the defendant of the legal basis of the claim and the type of loss sustained, including with the specificity the nature of the wounds endured. At this point, it is important to underline the fact that if the notice is served within 90 days of the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations, the time for the commencement of the action shall be extended 90 days from the service of the notice (Pontell & Stephen, 2010, p.

Creative Writing “Into the Darkness” Essay Example for Free

Creative Writing â€Å"Into the Darkness† Essay It had just turned night when Victoria heard the thunder roll in, and the lightening strike against the ground. This worried her for she was afraid of losing power. As the night grew on the storm worsened. Making sure she wasnt forgetting her laptop, Victoria made her way upstairs to the comforts of her bedroom. She decided this would be the perfect opportunity to take advantage of her time and watch the latest shows Netflix had to offer. Settling into her bed with her laptop in hand Victoria reached over to plug her charger in. Just as she did so, the power went out. Startled by the sudden darkness, she reached under her bed for her flashlight. Grasping her flashlight tightly, Victoria headed back downstairs to see what may have caused the power to go out. As Victoria went downstairs she noticed her porch door was ajar. Cautiously she approached the door and peered outside to see who or what may have opened the door. Nothing seemed to be around. Certain that the storm had simply blown out the power, Victoria poured herself a glass of hot chocolate and returned upstairs. Something seemed different to Victoria, but she was unsure of what exactly. Much to her dismay her beloved laptop was missing. Appalled by this discovery, Victoria quickly became worried that someone may be in the house with her. Using her survival instincts she quickly grabbed the flashlight and headed out into the hallway, if someone was in the house with her laptop, Victoria was determined to catch them and get her laptop back. Shaky and nervous she slowly peered out into the hallway, no one was to be found. Once at the stairs she swiftly tumbled down them, only missing a few steps at the bottom, but redeeming herself with style. The power had yet to return, and the only thing Victoria had with her was a flashlight. Determined she would catch the culprit and get her laptop back, she sprang across the room and swung the bathroom door open. Still she found no one. Next she opened the closet, then her office, and finally the last room she had left to check was the basement. Victoria clenched onto the flashlight and slowly turned the nob and entered the dark stairwell leading to the basement. Taking each step one at a time, until she got to the final one. When she glanced around the corner Victoria could see someone standing there. She couldn’t make out the face for it was too dark, and her flashlight was dimming by the second. Victoria slowly inched towards the dark figure, getting closer and closer, until finally she was close enough. Just as she reached out to grab onto the dark figure, she dropped the flashlight. All hopes of seeing who they were went away as soon as Victoria’s flashlight hit the floor. The dark figure quickly turned around tightly grasping the laptop. Victoria got struck in the face by her own laptop, and was knocked onto the ground. When she awoke the power had returned, and the storm had stopped. As Victoria got up off the floors she quickly glanced to around to see if anyone was around. There was nobody to be found, and her laptop was gone.

There is a best time to eat fruits Essay Example for Free

There is a best time to eat fruits Essay The title of the article is â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption† by Claudio E. Perez, published under Health Reports, volume 13, issue number 3, last March 2002. This is a secondary data source that analyzes the first hand information from the first half of cycle 1.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey, which was done starting from September 2000 up to February 2001. This article tackles on the various connections associating the frequency of consuming fruits and vegetables with other health-linked activities and situations like physical activities and exercises, smoking, drinking (alcohol consumption) and weight problems like obesity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research process that led me to this article was a series of database and search engine browsing and reading. Not all the sources that can be found in various databases are useful that’s why careful reading and analyses should be done. Using search engines like Google and Yahoo, I was able to come up with several articles when I keyed-in the words â€Å"best time to eat fruits.† The result turn-outs were overwhelming, but browsing through these outputs, there is barely any useful information that was available. The problems that have been encountered in looking for the article   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with these search engines is that there are a lot of articles, but only a few are proven to be credible. Using articles which no has known credibility would just spoil the research process, since the information you have at hand may not be telling the truth. If that’s the case, then it would be useless since there is no real basis of the information that you have gathered. In my case there were some who are not credible, turnouts coming from blogs or written by anonymous authors prove no actual use in my search for the â€Å"best time to eat fruits.† What leads me to finding the right article I could use was when I searched an online database for research articles by professionals which have been used in a larger scale, like a national survey. I keyed in the keywords â€Å"best time to eat fruits† but there were no results that came up. I narrowed my query to â€Å"time to eat fruits,† until I came up with Claudio E. Perez’ article, â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption.† Evaluating the reliability of a source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When evaluating whether the source at hand is reliable, I looked into some considerations like when and where it was published, and if it came into public review at some time. The article by Perez was based on a survey across Canada from the Canadian Community Health Survey. It was about the fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to important health-related factors like exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity all around Canada. Claudio Perez’ credibility has been strengthened with his association with the Health Statistics Division at Statistics Canada. This means that he is affiliated with the actual research and data gathering institution which proves that his articles are factual and are based on actual results from surveys and researches made by other people. This article by Claudio Perez was also published under a journal entitled Health Reports which was spread around the country. It was published around March 2002, and was included in databases in various college online libraries all over the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reliability of this article is also strengthened with the information that it offers, coming from a survey done in Canada by a legal institution. Also, the articles he provided in this writings were also based on previous writings by credible sources, which he used to back his information. Because of this, he was able to come up with a credible facts and information that back can back up his article, thus providing credibility for his paper. Questions that the article need to answer and the argument that it supports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When looking for the best time to eat fruits, I also considered several factors. This includes the consumers of these fruits, the fruits that are going to be consumed and the form or state that these fruits could be consumed. Looking at the nature of fruits in the human beings diet, it is usually being consumed as a dessert, food that could be consumed to fulfill the cravings for something sweet. But considering that these fruits have existed even before the discovery of cereals as staple food, it means that man has consumed food in their basic diets, not only as a dessert, but as a staple food instead. It then answer’s the query on the real role of fruit in people’s lives: not only a dessert, but could also be a number one source of dietary supplements that the body needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another query that this article answers is regarding the consumers of fruits. Basically, everyone needs to consume these fruits, since it is a good source of fiber and vitamins, something that could supply a good quality of sugar, an essential ingredient for the body’s energy. People from all walks of life should eat fruits, but this paper showed that not all of the people consume these foods. The most common consumers of these fruits come from middle to upper class people of the society, since they are the ones who are able to afford or be able to bring out extra money in their budgets to buy fruits. This is because of the fact that these fruits are not a staple food in people’s diets today, that’s why they would prefer to allocate their budgets to buy cereals and meat products as a part of their menu. They view fruits as a dessert, that’s why they would spend extra money on buying it, especially if they are a little short on the budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another query is what should be the forms or the state that these fruits could be consumed. Since most of the people view fruits as something to be eaten for dessert, they are usually eaten raw or sweetened or turned into candies or confectionaries. Others consume fruits by â€Å"juicing† them up, especially the citrus fruits (Stoppani). Others prefer to turn them into blended shakes or frooties and drink them as is, especially for those who are on slimming diets, avoiding eating foods rich in fats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The real argument that this paper needs to answer is about the best time to eat fruits, and according to this article by Claudio Perez, these fruits can be eaten anytime during the day, since it was considered before as a staple food, not just some desserts or appetizers. It could provide the essential vitamins and nutrients that the body needs, and even more. These fruits are considered one of the healthiest foods, and that consuming them at a raw state is highly encouraged. With the advent of technology, they are being turned into juices or something appealing to the senses, like the more palatable fruit shakes, mixed with milk and other sweeteners. Summary of the structure and content of the source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claudio Perez’ article. â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption,† aims to establish relationships and associations between various frequencies of consuming fruits and vegetable products with various health concerns like alcoholism, smoking, and physical activities and exercise. His data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey, wherein the data gathered were from September 200 through February 2001, the first half of the cycle 1.1. Population-based information and data regarding the fruit and vegetable consumption all over Canada were made available from the Canadian Community Health Survey. According to Perez, â€Å"Numerous studies indicate that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help to prevent cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, which are leading causes of death in Canada (Perez).† This article associated low frequency of eating fruits and vegetables with several health risks to the human beings. This includes physical inactivity, smoking, weight problems and alcoholism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analytical techniques that were employed includes weighted means of providing information regarding the frequency of eating fruits and vegetables as related to various health behaviors of human beings. These health behaviors include consumption of alcohol, physical exercises and activities, smoking and weight problems. According to Perez, â€Å"the effects of other influences on food choices were considered, the positive relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption frequency and chronic disease persisted for men (Perez).† Health status and socio-demographic characteristics were also weighed in, in relation to frequency of eating fruits and vegetables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results that he was able to come up was that women were the ones who consume more of these fruits and vegetables as compared to men. According to Perez, â€Å"The average consumption frequencies for men and women whose level of physical activity was moderate or active and for those who were not daily smokers were significantly higher than the respective averages for men and women who were physically inactive or who smoked daily (Perez).† Taking on other influences regarding the topic, this relates the consumption of these fruits and vegetables into the state of being physically active, not engaging in smoking, and the reduced occurrence of being overweight, and not becoming alcohol dependent. Another article coming from an online source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This article was written by Frederic Patenaude, a noted author of health books and articles, chef and health expert. His article, â€Å"Is there a food better than fruit?† is about the consumption of fruits not only for desserts and snacks but as a staple food in human diets(Patenaude Is There a Food Better Than Fruit?). This article is found on the Free Weekly Online Newsletter, Pure Health and Nutrition, wherein Frederic Patenaude was one of the main contributors. This article is a first hand source of information or a primary source, since it Patenaude shares what he knows regarding the topic. It was more of an analysis of fruits as a staple food, with historical backgrounds of the primary diets of people back in time mostly consisting of fruits and vegetables (Patenaude Raw Soups, Salads and Smoothies: Simple Recipes for Everyday Health). It provided a list of the benefits that is offered by eating fruits, like it is a good source of natural sugar which is a source of energy for the body. It is also a good source of vitamins for the body as compared to any food. References: Diamond, Harvey. Tips and Hints for Eating Fruit Til Noon .   2006. Fit for Life: Not Fat for Life Ed. Harvey DIamond.   eNotalone.com Inc. April 17 2007. http://www.enotalone.com/article/4153.html. Patenaude, Frederic. Is There a Food Better Than Fruit?   2006.   Pure Health and Nutrition E-zine. April 17 2007. http://www.fredericpatenaude.com/fruit-article.html. . Raw Soups, Salads and Smoothies: Simple Recipes for Everyday Health. Raw Vegan, 2003. Perez, Claudio E. Fruits and Vegetable Consumption. Health Reports Volume 13.Issue 3 (2002). Stoppani, Jim. The Ripe Stuff: Can You Ea T Fruit and Still Get Sliced? M F Experts Dissect This Dieting Question. Muscle Fitness   (2005).

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay

Product Life Cycle In The High Tech Industry Marketing Essay Posits that, as the pace of change has accelerated rapidly and created unprecedented uncertainty in the markets of this decade, many companies have needed to dispense with existing, once reliable, practices in order to remain competitive. Suggests that the efficacy of one particular marketing tool, the product life cycle model, has been questioned, by various writers in the academic and business press, with regard to the general applicability and validity of its assertions and the claim it makes to be able to predict the marketing strategies that should be applied at different stages of a products life. Explores the arguments for and against the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool in this present, dynamic environment. Introduction the product life cycle model Since its adoption by marketing, the product life cycle (PLC) has achieved universal acceptance because of its appeal and wide application. In the 1950s and 1960s, when markets concentrated on consumer goods and were characterized by simple segmentation, comparatively stable technology and relatively unsophisticated communications, the product life cycle model was an acceptable assemblage of market dynamics (Wood, 1990). Despite the fact that no two life cycles are the same, the model was proffered, with support either from experience or from empirical research in the fast-moving consumer goods sector, as a predictive tool to anticipate marketing requirements and aid long-term planning of product strategies in advance of each stage of the cycle. The concept was analysed so frequently in marketing literature that it became given to many executives. The product life cycle represents a core element of marketing theory and has done for four decades. According to marketing literature, every product or service has, by definition, a life cycle and how this is managed is key to survival in business. The product life cycle model describes how most products pass sequentially through four stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline (see Figure 1). Each of these phases requires different strategies relating to promotion, pricing, distribution and competition, to maximize the products value and profitability. The principal components of the model are changes in sales, stage identification and sequential sales behaviour. The concept proved to be exceptionally durable and was explicated eloquently. According to Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976), its use has added lustre and believability to the insistent claim that marketing is close to becoming a science. The product life cycle theory has been exposed to comparatively little reproach with very few writings contesting the assumptions it makes, although Mercer (1993a) emphasizes that substantiation of the concept has seemed surprisingly difficult to uncover. However, the dynamic markets of the eighties, bore little resemblance to the relatively simply defined and stable markets of the early sixties (Wood, 1990) and with this the validity of the product life cycle was brought into question. Dhalla and Yuspehs article is the one most quoted as the premiss for recent scepticism over the product life cycle theorys general applicability (Mercer, 1993a). The validity of the product life cycle model The product life cycle theory draws an analogy with the life cycle of human beings, in that every product in a market is mortal. In the world of biology, each stage in the cycle is fixed, with one stage following on from another in both an invariable and irreversible order. In the marketing world, however, neither of these circumstances is typical, the length of different stages of the life cycle tending to differ from product to product. For example, certain products have scarcely any growth stage, while others introductory and maturity stages are barely discernible (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model. The expected time pattern for each stage is often dismissed on the premiss that it depends on the product itself. Polli and Cook (1969) explain how most graphic representations of the cycle ignore the stage of decline, inferring that the introduction and growth stages make up half of the products life. This leads us to assume the life cycle curve is symmetrical at the middle of the growth stage. Furthermore, this implies the introductory and growth stages amount to the same length of time as periods of slow growth and maturity. The model presumes the existence of some rules indicating the movement of the product from one stage to another. However, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no such rules can be objectively developed (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Wood points out that the phrase life cycle itself contradicts the evidence by insinuating absolute inevitability and irreversibility (Wood, 1990), the evidence demonstrating that products can move in different time scales and in different sequence throughout their life. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that this presumed sequence of sales characterizes the weak assumption of the product life cycle model and that in addition the expected proportion of time spent in each stage represents the strong assumption of the product life cycle model. Similarly, a products life cycle differs to that of a human beings as it is usual for products to attain a second life or to be reincarnated as a result of promotion. Likewise, numerous brands have been seen to go from maturity back to rapid growth (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Hiam (1990) believes it is dangerous to presume that products have a life cycle, since anything with a life cycle dies. Although it appears obvious that every product will ultimately be replaced, at a frequency that is dependent on the specific industry and market, there is the problem that this assumption of death will prove a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hiam (1990) states that many products can be revitalized and that maturity simply reflects saturation of a specific target market with a specific product form. If the form of product is varied and the target market expanded, new growth can sometimes be created, such that only when a company has exhausted all alternative ways to reposition the product has the produ ct to die. Hiam (1990) believes it is a myth that products have a predetermined life-span. Wood (1990) concurs that, by establishing the prospect of decline, the product life cycle may become a self-fulfilling prophecy with valuable brands being prematurely discontinued. Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) substantiate this rationale with their research, which found many cases where a brand was dropped because management, on the basis of the product life cycle theory, believed the brand had reached a dying stage. For instance, where a brands success had dwindled for a few years, because of factors such as poor advertising, management believed the product had reached the decline stage and subsequently redirected funds from this product to new products, rather than seek corrective measures. As the brand continued to deteriorate, new products were launched and the brand was considered to be in decline purely on the basis of the product life cycle concept. One example was that of a US toothpaste, Ipana, which was marketed until 1968, then abandoned and replaced by new products. However, a year later, two businessmen picked up the brand name and created a new formula, keeping the original packaging. With virtually no promotion and limited resources, sales turned around in the first seven months, and within three years the toothpaste was still being used by over one million people. Had the original company kept the product and provided suitable marketing support for it, the brand may have been in an even stronger position in the market (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) also identified several other problems with the product life cycle model. First, it is often difficult to determine, with any accuracy, at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. As the four stages of the cycle are not clear-cut, it is possible to assume a product is at a particular phase when the opposite may in fact be the case. For instance, a product may be seen to have reached maturity, when in actuality it is merely at an ephemeral plateau. Considering variations can take place year-to-year, it is also difficult to foresee when the next stage of the life cycle will appear, how long it will last, and to what levels sales will extend (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). In a similar vein, Levitt highlights some shortcomings of the practical application of the product life cycle concept, on the presumption that the purpose of the concept is to establish the stage of ones product in the cycle and then select the strategy befitting that stage. The major problem which Levitt identifies is that, in order for the model to have any practical use, the marketing manager needs to know the answers to three key questions: how and to what extent the shape and duration of each stage can be predicted; how one can determine what stage a product is in; and how the concept can be used effectively. Answering these questions is difficult. If basic marketing information is not held, the shape of the curve is irrelevant and positioning the product on the product life cycle curve becomes reduced largely to a matter of guesswork (Wood, 1990). Mercer (1993b) also points out that in many markets the product or brand life cycle is longer than the actual planning cycle of organizations. Even where companies look to the product life cycle, they will be basing their plans only on the small section of the cycle in which they reside at the time, rather than covering the entire life of the product. As a result, the theory can offer only few, if any, benefits. In Mercers (1993b) survey, 49 per cent of managers attached the value of the product life cycle to new products and a quarter attached it to the decline stage, while none referred to the mature stage. As a result, the theory has little value for the majority of organizations whose products are at the mature stage. Mercer sees its use as dangerous for such organizations because it may entice managers of thriving mature products prematurely to expect the move into the decline stage. Similarly, the product life cycle concept has led top executives to over-emphasize new product introduction and neglect older brands, despite the belief that the odds are four to one against new products being successful. While Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believe work on new products should proceed, they see that it is on todays products that a companys profits normally depend. In parallel, Goldberg (1994) states that too many executives in the industry think building new products is the answer, when it is often not. He maintains that companies need to be creative and refresh and create excitement around products to avoid the costs that occur with brand new products. He believes responding to short cycles is a key part to todays hyper-competitive market and doing this the wrong way is bound to cause you major problems. Most writers proffer the product life cycle concept as an ideal framework, but neglect to establish the difference between product class (e.g. cigarettes), product form (e.g. filter cigarettes) and brand (e.g. Winston). Many product classes' life can extend into centuries, e.g. automobiles, radios, soft drinks. Many appear in the absence of technological breakthroughs, to be almost impervious to normal life cycle pressures, provided they satisfy some basic need. When supporters talk about the life cycle of a product, they are invariably referring to product forms. The Marketing Science Institute also carried out research in an attempt to validate the product life cycle concept for product classes and forms. Over 100 product categories in the food, health, and personal care sectors were inspected and the number of cases that did not follow the sequence of stages on the product life cycle concept were recorded. Research concluded that the product life cycle concept had some reason for being, in that it explained sales behaviour better than a chance model could, however, the authors expressed doubts about its general validity. The authors concluded that their findings suggest the life cycle concept, when used as an explicit model, is more likely to be misleading than useful (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). With regard to brands, the product life cycle model has been shown by Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) to have even less validity. They believe that even when a brand survives the introductory stage, the model in most cases cannot be used as a planning or a predictive tool. Evidence for the product life cycle concept is not assuring because brands tend to have different patterns of sales, and therefore the product form curves cannot indicate what sales will be like (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Polli and Cook (1969) also believe the model to be more appropriate for examining the life of product forms than of product classes, while Wood (1990) suggests that, as the product life cycle concept is being related purely to brands, the use of the theory is encouraging an unhealthy myopia and brand/product focus. Mercer (1993a) also carried out research into the life cycle of brands, using data collected by the British Marketing Research Bureau, in which 929 brands were tracked within 150 market segments from 1969 to 1989. He found that the majority of those brands which were leaders in 1969 remained brand leaders in their respective markets in 1989. Only 7 per cent had declined below fourth place and only 1 per cent had been discontinued (Mercer, 1993a). This research shows there is a clear lack of evidence of the end stage of the life cycle, which itself weakens the assumption that the product life cycle theory is applicable generally. The research illustrates that the most important characteristics of most life cycles is that-for all practical intents and purposes-they do not exist (Mercer, 1993b). Mercer (1993b) believes, therefore, that the product life cycle of brand leaders is one of continuity and that it is a tautology that products are created and later die. Consequently, Mercer (1993b) questions the practical use of the product life cycle theory to the marketing manager. Since his findings suggest the average length of a brands life exceeds 20 years, the product life cycle concept may do little to satisfy the needs of the marketing manager whose objectives are likely to be contained within two years. This problem was also highlighted in discussions with the Public Relations Manager for the IT sector of Insight Marketing, Jo Bethell, who expressed difficulty in following the product life cycle model when marketing high-tech products. The difficulties arose primarily when developments in the industry forced Insight Marketing to take reactive action, contrary to the action predetermined by the product life cycle model. Polli and Cook (1969) concur that it is wrong to deduce, even from an extensive period of sales stability in a general product class, that saturation has been reached necessarily and that the product life cycle model, despite its other merits, cannot be invoked to support this supposition. They believe saturation is reached only if new product forms are not practicable with existing technology and if new uses for existing forms cannot be found. Both these forces can increase dramatically the level of market acceptance for a product class, with changes in past sales failing to predict their effects. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that the maturity stage for a product class can be construed as saturation only by taking as given the state of technology and applications for existing product forms with the product class. In addition, they suggest it is not sound to conclude, from the detection of a few periods of decline after prolonged sales stability, that sales of a product class will continue to fall. Their findings propound that, while continued decline is possible, it is uncommon for a product class and the most likely outcome of such a period of decline will be fall in the maximum sales level and a renewed period of sales stability or maturity. They deduce, therefore, that a decline in the acceptance of a product class does not mean it is a dying market opportunity. Some suggest the maturity stage of a product is associated with stability of market shares within that product. With regard to the market share of product forms that are within a general product class, Polli and Cook (1969) found this to be inapt. They illustrated that, even during maturity of the product class, acceptance levels of product forms can change significantly. For example, in their research, plain filter cigarettes (a product form) experienced rapid growth to a high level of sustained demand, whereas the product class (cigarettes) stayed in the maturity stage for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) argue that, where consumer tastes and values change, or preferences move to new and improved competitive products euthanasia has to be quietly performed so that the companys capital resources can be used profitably in other ventures. The existence of product feature cycles and upgrades in features of products which are referred to as product life cycles also confuses the issue. Nevertheless, the brand that contains these ephemeral components is often still the dominant element of the overall product and is very long lasting. Mercers (1993a) evidence shows how the theory has little import in most markets and should be used only in special circumstances. Nevertheless, the major lesson of the PLC-that change is to be ignored at the marketing managers peril-still holds true (Mercer, 1993a). The product life cycle model has also been criticized for its lack of empirical backing. Wood (1990) refers to research by Polli and Cook to point out that only 17 per cent product classes and 20 per cent product forms exhibited a sales behaviour essentially consistent with the product life cycle and that 83 per cent product classes and 80 per cent product forms did not fit the classical PLC shape. Some supporters of the product life cycle concept have attempted to validate the theory by introducing alternative curves appropriate for different situations. Many shapes, durations and sequences have been revealed, yet explanations for such differences have not been researched, despite this understanding being crucial for development of strategy and well-informed forecasting (Day, 1981). Variations in the product life cycle are inescapable if Levitts premiss is believed, i.e. that the basis of the concept is that the life-cycle can be managed (Wood, 1990). Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976) believ e such endeavours to substantiate the product life cycle concept leave much to be desired and that it would be better to admit that the whole PLC concept has little value in the world of brands. Yet another element of question in the validity of the product life cycle is that the sales changes of a product differ in relation to the actual definition of the product. In support of this, Polli and Cook (1969) explain that, although cars and mentholated filter cigarettes are both products, cars include components more heterogeneous among themselves than filter cigarettes. Thus, this general problem must be acknowledged to avoid error Polli and Cook (1969) concede that the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales behaviour, probably because of the inclination not to take the concept very seriously, because of its degree of validity. However, they profess that several writers have used the product life cycle model as a basis for recommendations about the composition of marketing programmes at the various stages of the life cycle, for instance to formulate advertising campaigns and so on. These marketing programmes are based on the underlying presupposition that the product life cycle is independent of a companys marketing practice. Polli and Cook (1969) point out, however, that, while it is possible that amendments to advertising may not affect the life cycle of a product, this ought to be clearly established before it is accepted as a basis for planning. Polli and Cook (1969) carried out extensive research to evaluate the performance of the product life cycle model and attempt to verify it empirically as a descriptive model of sales behaviour. Their principal aim was to evaluate the consistency of the model with actual records of sales of product classes, product forms and brands. They compared the number of stages that deviate from the presumed sequence of the life cycle model with the number of inconsistent observations in 100 simulated sequences, which are stages generated by a chance process. For a detailed explanation of their test procedures, see Polli and Cook, 1969. They found that the concurrence between sales performance of product forms and the life cycle model was good and that changes in sales for product classes, product forms, and brands were all concordant with the product life cycle model. When testing the performance of the life cycle their findings showed that, in essence, 44 per cent of all products displayed sales behaviour consistent with the life cycle and that, for 96 per cent of products, the inconsistent observations were fewer than the mean number of inconsistencies. However, they do stress that any inference from their research results should consider ones personal assessment of what compounds a good enough fit, which depends on the definition of product used and the influence of demand and supply on sales. Nevertheless, Polli and Cook (1969) contest that their results strongly suggest the life cycle concept, when tested in a given market and found valid, can be a fairly rich model of sales behaviour and that, even with refer ence to brands, the product life cycle model is strong enough to merit its use in that category and further testing in other categories. Polli and Cook (1969) conclude that, while the overall performance of the model could be disputed with regard to its general applicability, its appeal, the existence of a theoretical foundation in the adoption process, and their own research results point to the model being valid in many common market situations. The product life cycle concept is a verifiable model of sales behaviour, particularly in market situations where different product forms compete for the same market segment with a general class of products, and can be helpful in planning marketing and forecasting sales. Quarterdeck Office Systems, a small computer software firm in Santa Monica, California, USA, also profess the validity of the product life cycle, the use of which they claim saved the companys neck. The company exists through serving a niche created by Microsoft. When Microsoft launched Windows 3.0, which incorporated the features of Quarterdecks products, Quarterdeck would have been ruined were it not for managements knowledge and use of the product life cycle concept. They identified the various life-cycle stages of their products and continually assessed the strategies Microsoft was following. They found that their product worked more efficiently with older computers and for a large segment of users who struggle to learn new programs and would rather not upgrade to new hardware. On the other hand, Microsofts Windows worked better with newer computer models and with software requiring more memory. On this basis, and considering the fact Microsoft was aiming their product at the introduction and growth stages, Quarterdeck positioned its own product at the mature and declining stages of the life cycle. Through creating such a niche in these stages of the life cycle, the company identified the only way it could succeed (Paley, 1994). Paley (1994) believes marketing managers generally are starting to administer product life cycle strategies to extend the sales life of their product, find a market position in which they can avoid conflict with strong rivals, and organize their salesforce to achieve greater productivity. He sees introducing the product life cycle strategy as a resourceful way in which to forge competitive advantage and that its implementation could make the difference between life and death of a company when confronted with overwhelming competition. Attempts to validate or rebut the life cycle concept on an empirical basis have been restricted by the lack of a definition as to which life is being examined, since different writers have different understandings of the product life cycle concept. No satisfactory empirical ratification of the concept exists and furthermore, by following sales over time, what are being observed are the consequences of different management strategies on the life cycle. To exemplify, Wood (1990) refers to Cox who identified six types of life cycle curve, which would imply a cycle-recycle pattern where sales do not decline following maturity of the product, but begin the old cycle again as a result of a push in promotion. Despite such criticism, the product life cycle has become accepted and valued as an element of basic marketing theory and has become a block on which management theory has been built. Mercer (1993a) points out that, from the evidence taken from his literature searches, the product life cycle seems still to be a dominant component of marketing theory. Nevertheless, he devotes much of his paper to augmenting the evidence that the product life cycle has only limited applicability. Conclusions Serious doubt as to the validity of the product life cycle model as a marketing tool has been raised. The model has been widely criticized, by writers in the academic and business press, for many reasons. For instance, not all sequences of stages in actual sales are consistent with the expected sequence of the model, and products have been seen to experience second lives, a concept not acknowledged by the product life cycle model. Furthermore, many writers have criticized the model since it is difficult to determine at which stage of the cycle the product actually is. The model has also been open to reproach on the grounds that it does not establish the difference between product class, product form and brand. Moreover, products themselves differ according to levels of innovation and price, changes in technology, consumer needs and tastes, and changes in economic circumstances, all of which can influence the life cycle. Although the product life cycle concept has not been tested systematically as a model of sales, probably as a result of this abundance of criticism and subsequent tendency not to take it too seriously, some writers have used the model and based marketing strategies on the assertions and recommendations it makes for each stage. Polli and Cook (1969) offer probably the most thorough examination of the validity of the concept and one of few that actually finds that the concurrence between sales performance and changes in sales of products were concordant with the product life cycle model. Nevertheless, it has been the significance of these factors-which have been raised by critics of the concept-which has led to the questioning of the efficacy of the product life cycle concept as a tool to predict marketing strategies. Evidence set out here suggests that the product life cycle model is useful to monitor sales but its expediency in deciding the fate of products has been strongly challenged. Kotler himself was reported by Wood (1990) as now accepting that the value of the product life cycle for forecasting is limited, while Wood (1990) suggests the product life cycle has fulfilled its purpose. He contends that the product life cycle concept is failing to perform effectively and that in the 1990s the PLC will have little, if anything, to offer marketing education and that teaching the concept will actually constrain marketing management thinking. Mercer (1993a) goes as far as to say that the product life cycle should be eliminated from the marketers vocabulary and is in effect a fallacy (Mercer, 1993b).

Baseball History :: essays research papers

Baseball is North America's oldest and most storied professional team sport. Certainly, there have been numerous moments which are still remembered by baseball fans of all ages many years after they happened. We all remember moments like "The Catch" in Game 1 of the 1954 World Series and Bill Mazeroski's World Series winning home run in 1960. There are also the players who transcend the ages like Babe Ruth, Ted Williams and Jackie Robinson. These players continue live on in the hearts and minds of the nation long after their playing days are over. The great players, teams and memorable moments of the 20th century are well remembered, but somewhat less known are those of the 19th century that helped to shape the game and provide a foundation for the great national pasttime that would develop in the current century. For the great Yankee teams of the 20's, 30's 40's and 50's, there are the St. Louis Browns of the American Association and Chicago White Stockings and Boston Red Stockings of the National League. The Ty Cobbs and Walter Johnsons of the game had their match in Cap Anson, Dan Brouthers and Amos Rusie. Colourful characters like Casey Stengel and Reggie Jackson had their equals in Arlie Latham and Mike "King" Kelly. It has been said that the more things change, the more they stay the same. This is certainly the case in baseball. The franchise shifts, player movements and salary issues of today are certainly not new, although the first half of the 20th century would give that impression. Since the National League began in 1876, at least one major league franchise either moved to a new city, moved to a new league, or has folded every year until 1893. Player movement of the early major leagues occurred quite frequently. Constant player movment and contract jumpers - players who left their old team for a better offer, often in the middle of the season - prompted Boston owner Arthur Soden to devise the reserve clause in 1879.

Tragic heros :: essays research papers

TRAGIC HEROS â€Å"A tragic hero is a character who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a quote by Aristotle. This quote means a tragic hero isn’t well known for being fair, but isn’t brought down by being bad and unfair, they are brought down by their own flaws. This is true because some tragic hero’s aren’t fair at all but don’t get punished for it. They get punished by their own flaws. Two examples of these tragic heroes’s come from â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles, and also â€Å" The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare. A tragic hero from â€Å"Antigone† is Creon. Creon is very stubborn. Creon says it will be illegal to bury Polynices. Antigone, Polynices’ sister, buries him. Creon, the king, punishes Antigone because what Polynices did was not right and he didn’t deserve to be buried. Antigone was confined to a tomb, in this tomb, she took her own life. Haimon, Creon’s son, didn’t like this because he was Antigone’s Cousin and fiancà ©e. Haimon killed himself. Eurydice, Creon’s wife, heard how it was Creon’s fault that their son is dead, so she killed herself. Now Creon is all alone. He ended up like this because of his stubborn attitude. He was to stubborn to bury Polynices, and it caused this chain of events, proving he is a tragic hero. Another tragic hero is Julius Caesar from â€Å"The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare. Julius Caesar is a tragic hero because he is stubborn, and thinks he is untouchable because he is so popular. Brutus, Julius’s close friend, was talked into stopping Julius Caesar from gaining absolute power. Cassius, the man who convinced Brutus to stop Caesar, was gathering more conspirators so they could assassinate Caesar. Julius Caesar’s wife gave him a warning about some bad happening, and so did the fortuneteller, and so did the people who sacrifice animals. Caesar didn’t listen and went to the Capitol with Brutus and the conspirators. Tragic heros :: essays research papers TRAGIC HEROS â€Å"A tragic hero is a character who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a quote by Aristotle. This quote means a tragic hero isn’t well known for being fair, but isn’t brought down by being bad and unfair, they are brought down by their own flaws. This is true because some tragic hero’s aren’t fair at all but don’t get punished for it. They get punished by their own flaws. Two examples of these tragic heroes’s come from â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles, and also â€Å" The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare. A tragic hero from â€Å"Antigone† is Creon. Creon is very stubborn. Creon says it will be illegal to bury Polynices. Antigone, Polynices’ sister, buries him. Creon, the king, punishes Antigone because what Polynices did was not right and he didn’t deserve to be buried. Antigone was confined to a tomb, in this tomb, she took her own life. Haimon, Creon’s son, didn’t like this because he was Antigone’s Cousin and fiancà ©e. Haimon killed himself. Eurydice, Creon’s wife, heard how it was Creon’s fault that their son is dead, so she killed herself. Now Creon is all alone. He ended up like this because of his stubborn attitude. He was to stubborn to bury Polynices, and it caused this chain of events, proving he is a tragic hero. Another tragic hero is Julius Caesar from â€Å"The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare. Julius Caesar is a tragic hero because he is stubborn, and thinks he is untouchable because he is so popular. Brutus, Julius’s close friend, was talked into stopping Julius Caesar from gaining absolute power. Cassius, the man who convinced Brutus to stop Caesar, was gathering more conspirators so they could assassinate Caesar. Julius Caesar’s wife gave him a warning about some bad happening, and so did the fortuneteller, and so did the people who sacrifice animals. Caesar didn’t listen and went to the Capitol with Brutus and the conspirators.